adverbs p perfect

Past Perfect Key Words

Words that are common with present perfect can also be used in the past. These include ALREADY, YET, STILL, SINCE, and FOR. Here are some examples with these keywords:

• My teacher asked me for my project, but I had not finished it yet.
• He introduced me to his father, and I realized had already met him.
• I ate a lot of food last night for dinner, because I hadn’t eaten anything since breakfast.
• I had not seen my sister for 3 months.
• The words already and yet are common words in English that generally refer to an event that has or has not happened before another event in the past or present:
  She hasn't finished her assignment yet. -> The event has not been completed up to the present moment in time.
  Jennifer had already eaten by the time he arrived. -> The event occurred before another event took place.

  Already and Yet - Present Perfect

  Both already and yet refer to activities that have or haven't occurred before the present moment in time. In bother cases, the adverb recently could be substituted with the same meaning:
  I have already finished my lunch.= I've recently finished my lunch.
  Have you seen Tom yet? = Have you seen Tom recently?
  They haven't visited Rome yet. = They haven't visited Rome recently.

  Already - Referring To a Past Event

  Already is used to indicate that something that happened before the moment of speaking. However, it refers to something that affects the present moment in time. Let's take a look at a few examples:
  I have already finished the report.
  This sentence could be used to express the idea that I finished the report and it is ready to read now.
  She has already seen that film.
  This sentence might express that the woman saw the film in the past, so she has no desire in the present moment to see the film.
  They have already eaten.
  This sentence would probably be used to state that they are no longer hungry.
  The key to using already is to remember that an action that has happened in the past - often in the recent past - affects the present moment or a decision about the present moment in time. Therefore, already and yet are used with the present perfect tense.

  Already - Sentence Placement

  Already is placed between the auxiliary verb have and the participle form of the verb. It is used in the positive form and should not be used in the negative:
  Subject + have / has + already + past participle + objects
  I have already seen that film.
  Mary has already been to Seattle.
  NOT!!
  I have seen already that film.
  Already is generally not used in the question form. However, when expressing surprise in a rhetorical question it is sometimes used in informal conversations and added to the end of the sentence:
  Have you eaten already?!
  Have you finished already?!

  Yet - Asking Questions

  Yet is used to check whether something has occurred up to the present moment:
  Have you seen that film yet?
  Has Tim done his homework yet?
  Yet is generally used to ask about something closer to the present moment. Yet is often used when someone expects something to have occurred before the moment of speaking:
  Have you finished that report yet? - In this case, a colleague expects the report to be finished soon.

  Yet - Question Placement

  Yet is always placed at the end of a question. Notice that yet is not used with question words as questions with yet are yes/no questions:
  Have + subject + past participle + objects + yet + ?
  Have you finished that report yet?
  Has she bought a new car yet?

  Yet - Negative Form

  Yet is also used in the negative to express that something that is expected has not yet happened. In this case, yet is placed at the end of the sentence.
  Subject + have not / has not + past participle + objects + yet
  She hasn't finished the report yet.
  Doug and Tom haven't telephoned yet.

  Already - With the Past Perfect

  Already can also be used with the past perfect to express that something had happened before something else:
  She had already eaten when he arrived.
  Jackson had already done his homework when he was asked for help.

  Already - With the Future Perfect

  Already is also used with the future perfect to express that something will have been completed before something else occurs:
  She will have already finished the paperwork before the meeting.
  Frank will have already prepared the report by the time the boss asks for it.

  Yet - Coordinating Conjunction

  Finally, yet can also be used as a coordinating conjunction with the same meaning as but to connect two simple sentences into one. Place yet after a comma to introduce a dependent clause:
  They'd like to go to that new restaurant, yet they can't get a reservation.
  He'd already bought tickets to the play, yet he wasn't able to attend the performance.

pperfect

Present Perfect

The present perfect is a verb tense which is used to show that an action has taken place once or many times before now. The present perfect is most frequently used to talk about experiences or changes that have taken place, but there are other less common uses as well. Read on for detailed descriptions, examples, and present perfect exercises.

Present Perfect Forms

The present perfect is formed using has/have + past participle. Questions are indicated by inverting the subject and has/have. Negatives are made with not.

• Statement: You have seen that movie many times.
• Question: Have you seen that movie many times?
• Negative: You have not seen that movie many times.

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

Present Perfect Uses

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the present perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the present perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the present perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

• I have seen that movie twenty times.
• I think I have met him once before.
• There have been many earthquakes in California.
• People have traveled to the Moon.
• People have not traveled to Mars.
• Have you read the book yet?
• Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
• A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
  B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate present perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the present perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The present perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

• I have been to France.
  This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
• I have been to France three times.
  You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
• I have never been to France.
  This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
• I think I have seen that movie before.
• He has never traveled by train.
• Joan has studied two foreign languages.
• A: Have you ever met him?
  B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the present perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

• You have grown since the last time I saw you.
• The government has become more interested in arts education.
• Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
• My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the present perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

• Man has walked on the Moon.
• Our son has learned how to read.
• Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
• Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the present perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the present perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

• James has not finished his homework yet.
• Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
• Bill has still not arrived.
• The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the present perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

• The army has attacked that city five times.
• I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
• We have had many major problems while working on this project.
• She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the present perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

• Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
• I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
• They have had three tests in the last week.
• She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
• My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires simple past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires present perfect.

Examples:

• I went to Mexico last year.
  I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
• I have been to Mexico in the last year.
  I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With non-continuous verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, we use the present perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the present perfect.

Examples:

• I have had a cold for two weeks.
• She has been in England for six months.
• Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of present perfect is normally limited to non-continuous verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT non-continuous verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You have only seen that movie one time.
• Have you only seen that movie one time?

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pastperfect

Past Tense or Past Perfect

1. I.- Fill in past tense or past perfect tense.
   1. After they  (open) the window, it  (become) colder.
   2. After we  (see) the movie, we  (go) to bed.
   3. After he  (leave), she  (start) to cry.
   4. As soon as it  (start) to rain, she  (take) her umbrella.
   5. He  (play) cards after he  (do) his homework.
   6. Before she  (thank) me, she  (take) my present.
   7. We  (see) the robbers after they  (leave) the bank.
   8. He  (comb) his hair after he  (brush) his teeth.
   9. Before we  (go) out, we  (put) on our new shoes.
   10. They  (go) swimming after it  (stop) raining.
   11. When we  (arrive) there, the ceremony 

II.- Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect simple).

1. The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we (build) .
2. He (not / be)  to Cape Town before 1997.
3. When she went out to play, she (do / already)  her homework.
4. My brother ate all of the cake that our mum (make) .
5. The doctor took off the plaster that he (put on)  six weeks before.
6. The waiter brought a drink that I (not / order) .
7. I could not remember the poem we (learn)  the week before.
8. The children collected the chestnuts that (fall)  from the tree.
9. (he / phone)  Angie before he went to see her in London?
10. She (not / ride)  a horse before that day.

III.- Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps and form sentences in Past Perfect. Use contracted forms only when there are personal pronouns.

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EXAMPLE:

Before Steven did his homework he   at the library. (to study)

ANSWER:

Before Steven did his homework he had studied at the library.

1. She  in Sweden before she went to Norway. (to live)
2. After we  the cornflakes, Henry came in. (to eat)
3. Before Ken ran to Kerry's house, he  him. (to phone)
4. After they  their rucksacks, they rode away on their bikes. (to pack)
5. Gerry helped his grandma in the house because his father  him so. (to tell)
6. The cat hid under the chair because the children  so loud. (to be)
7. Before the students started to write, the teacher  their mobile phones. (to collect)
8. After Max  his breakfast, he left the flat. (to finish)
9. Laura repaired her glasses because her brother  them. (to break)
10. By the time the show began, all friends . (to arrive)

1. (already start).
2. 12. Father  (start) to wash the car after mother  (go) out.
3. 13. After she  (got) her new dress, she  (show) it her parents.
   14. He  (fall) from the balcony after he  (take) away the railing.
   15. He  (eat) the cake after he  (ask).